SPC WINTER WEATHER TRAINING:
Required Reading to meet objectives.

Climatology of Winter Weather Events:

1. Branick, M. L., 1997: A climatology of significant winter-type weather events in the contiguous United States, 1982-1994. Weather and Forecasting, 12, 193-207.

2. Branick, M. L., 1996-1997: Series of monthly climatological studies on geographic distributions of winter storms.

3. Bernstein, B. C., and B. G. Brown, 1997: A climatology of supercooled large drop conditions based upon surface observations and pilot reports of icing.

Regional and Local Influences:

1. Rasch, G. E., and A. E. MacDonald, 1975: Map type precipitation probabilities for the Western Region. National Weather Service Western Region, Technical Memorandum NWS WR-96, 138 pp.

2. Summaries of comments concerning winter weather forecasting by Science and Operations Officers in the Southern and Western Regions of National Weather Service, 4 pp.

3. Holle, R. L., J. Cortinas, and C. Robbins, 1998: Winter thunderstorms in the United States. Preprints, 16th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Phoenix, AZ, American Meteorological Society, Boston.

Pattern Recognition of Winter Weather Events:

1. Kocin, P.J. and Uccellini, L.W., 1986: Snowstorms along the northeastern coast of the United States. (pp 15-27, 74-91).

2. Mahoney, J.L., 1991: Climatology of snowfall-event characteristics at Denver.

3. Mahoney, J.L. and Brown, J.M., 1992: Snowfall-event climatology, the finale.

4. Harms, R.W., 1973: Snow forecasting for southeastern Wisconsin.

5. Dunn, L., 1996: Winter forecasting - Utah style.

Synoptic and Mesoscale Conceptual Models, Analysis Techniques, and Processes:

1. Browning: Conceptual Models of Precipitation Systems, Wx&Fcstg, 1, 23-41.

2. Moore & Smith, 1989:Diagnosis of Anafronts and Katafronts, Wx&Fcstg 4, 61-72.

3. U.S. Navy, 1973: Meteorology for Naval Aviators, Vol 1, Ch 8, NAVAIR 00-80U-24-1, Ch 8, Air Masses.

4. Young, G.S. & Fritsch, J.M., 1989: A Proposal for General Conventions in Analyses of Mesoscale Boundaries, Bull. AMS 70.11, 1412-1421

QG-Omega:

1. Durran, D.R., and L.W. Snellman, 1987: The diagnosis of synoptic-scale vertical motion in an operational environment. Weather and Forecasting, 2, 17-31.

2. Doswell, C., 1995: Vorticity advection and vertical motion. (Informal web publication at: http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/~doswell/PVAdisc/PVA.html.)

Thermodynamics:

1. Auer, A., Jr., J. M. White, 1982: The combined role of kinematics, thermodynamics, and cloud physics associated with heavy snowfall episodes. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 500-507.

2. ---, 1987: A supplemental note to the combined role of kinematics, thermodynamics, and cloud physics associated with heavy snowfall episodes. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 65, 299-301.

3. Baldwin, M., R. Treadon, and S. Contorno, 1994: Precipitation type prediction using a decision tree approach with NMCs mesoscale eta model. Proceedings, 10th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Portland, Oregon, American Meteorological Society, 30-31.

4. Erickson, M., 1995: NGM-based MOS precipitation type forecasts for the United States. Technical Procedures Bulletin Series No. 421, 12 pp.

5. Rogers, R.R, 1979: A short course in cloud physics. Chapter 8. Pergamon Press, 232 pp. (Only read sections that are indicated.)

6. Stewart, R.E., 1985: Precipitation types in winter storms. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 123, 597-609.

Winter Convection:

1. Colman, B.R., 1990: Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part I: A climatology. Monthly Weather Review, 118, 1103-1121.

Other Winter Weather Forecast Techniques:

1. Funk, T.W., and J.T. Moore, 1996: Vertical motion forcing mechanisms responsible for the production of a mesoscale very heavy snow band across northern Kentucky. Postprints, Fourth NWS Winter Weather Workshop, September 19-22, 1995, Kansas City, MO, National Weather Service, 19.1-19.11.

2. Janish, P.R., C.A. Crisp, J.V. Cortinas Jr., R.L. Holle, and R.H. Johns, 1996: Development of an ingredients based approach to forecasting hazardous winter weather in an operational environment. 15th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Norfolk, Virginia, American Meteorological Society, 56-59.

Jet Streaks:

1. Djuric, D., and D. S. Ladwig, 1983: Southerly low-level jet in the winter cyclones of the southwestern Great Plains. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111, 2275-2281.

2. Dunn, L., 1987: Cold air damming by the Front Range of the Colorado Rockies and its relationship to locally heavy snows, Wea. and Forecasting, 2, 177-189.

3. Hakim, G. J., and L. W. Uccellini, 1992: Diagnosing coupled jet streak circulations for a Northern Plains snow band from the operational nested-grid model. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 26-48.

4. Shapiro, M. A., and D. Keyser, 1990: Fronts, jet streams, and the tropopause. Extratropical Cyclones: The Palmén Memorial Volume, C. Newton and E. Holopainen, (ed.). Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston.

5. Uccellini, L. W., 1980: On the role of upper-tropospheric jet streaks and leeside cyclogenesis in the development of low-level jets in the Great Plains. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1689-1696.

6. Uccellini, L. W., and P. J. Kocin, 1987: The interaction of jet streak circulations during heavy snow events along the East Coast of the United States. Wea. Forecasting, 1, 289-308.

Satellite Interpretation:

1. Beckman, S. K., 1986: Effects of convective type clouds on heavy snow as viewed by GOES satellite imagery. Preprints, 2nd Conference on Satellite Meteorology/Remote Sensing and Applications, Williamsburg, VA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 212-217.

2. Jager, G.: Satellite indicators of rapid cyclogenesis. Mariners Weather Log, Vol. 28, Number 1, NOAA / NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD.

3. Johnston, E. C. 1995: Updated satellite technique to forecast heavy snow. Wea. Forecasting, 10, 219-228.

Moisture Return:

1. Janish, P. R., K. E. Mitchell, G. J. DiMego, S. J. Weiss, and S. W. Lyons, 1993: Impacts of nested grid model changes and ETA model performance on low-level moisture evolution during the return flow cycle. Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, Mo, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 512-515.

2. Merrill, R. T. 1992: Synoptic analysis of GUFMEX return-flow event of 10-12 March 1988. J. Appl. Meteor, 31, 849-867.

Model Characteristics:

1. Anthes and Warner, 1978: Development of hydrodynamic models suitable for air pollution and other mesometeorological studies., Monthly Weather Review, 106, Introduction only: pp. 1045-1047.

2. Burks, J. and M. Staudenmaier, 1996: A comparison the eta and the mesoeta models during the 11-12 December 1995 storm of the decade. Western Region Technical Attachment No. 96-21. NOAA/NWS.

3. Doswell, C., 1986: "Short range forecasting" in Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, Peter S. Ray, Ed. chapter 29: pages 689-691 and 704-707 only.

4. Lyons, S., 1995: Review of changes and plans in NMC's operational forecast systems. Southern Region Technical Attachment No. 95-25. NOAA/NWS.

5. Ross, B.B., 1986: An overview of numerical weather prediction. in Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, Peter S. Ray, Ed. chapter 30, first 3 sections only: pp. 720-727.

6. Staudenmaier, M., 1996: A description of the meso eta model. Western Region Technical Attachment No. 96-06. NOAA/NWS.

7. Staudenmaier, M., 1996: The convective parameterization scheme in the meso eta model. Western Region Technical Attachment No. 96-23. NOAA/NWS.

8. Staudenmaier, M., 1996: The explicit-cloud prediction scheme in the meso eta model. Western Region Technical Attachment No. 96-26. NOAA/NWS.

9. Staudenmaier, M., 1996: The initialization procedure in the meso eta model. Western Region Technical Attachment No. 96-30. NOAA/NWS.

10. Staudenmaier, M., 1997: The benefits of using higher resolution in representing topography. Western Region Technical Attachment No. 97-01. NOAA/NWS.

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